Google
Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50
For more than a century, Western philosophers and psychologists have based their discussions of mental life on a cardinal assumption: that the same basic processes underlie all human thought, whether in the mountains of Tibet or the grasslands of the Serengeti. Cultural differences might dictate what people thought about. Teenage boys in Botswana, for example, might discuss cows with the same passion that New York teenagers reserve for sports cars.
But the habits of thought - the strategies people adopted in processing information and making sense of the world around them - were, Western scholars assumed, the same for everyone, exemplified by, among other things, a devotion to logical reasoning, a penchant for categorization and an urge to understand situations and events in linear terms of cause and effect.
Recent work by a social psychologist at the University of Michigan, however, is turning this long-held view of mental functioning upside down. In a series of studies comparing European Americans to East Asians, Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues have found that people who grow up in different cultures do not just think about different things: they think differently.
We used to think that everybody uses categories in the same way, that logic plays the same kind of role for everyone in the understanding of everyday life, that memory, perception, rule application and so on are the same," Dr. Nisbett said. "But we're now arguing that cognitive processes themselves are just far more malleable than mainstream psychology assumed."
In many respects, the cultural disparities the researchers describe mirror those described by anthropologists, and may seem less than surprising to Americans who have lived in Asia. And Dr. Nisbett and his colleagues are not the first psychological researchers to propose that thought may be embedded in cultural assumptions: Soviet psychologists of the 1930's posed logic problems to Uzbek peasants, arguing that intellectual tools were influenced by pragmatic circumstances.
Still, to the extent that the studies reflect real differences in thinking and perception, psychologists may have to radically revise their ideas about what is universal and what is not, and to develop new models of mental processes that take cultural influences into account.
A. Soviet psychologists tried to make radical changes to pragmatic circumstances.
B. The way our brain processes information is kept unchanged.
C. We will have the same habits of thoughts when we immerse ourselves in another culture.
D. In-depth research is needed to shed light on the relationship between culture and thinking
For more than a century, Western philosophers and psychologists have based their discussions of mental life on a cardinal assumption: that the same basic processes underlie all human thought, whether in the mountains of Tibet or the grasslands of the Serengeti. Cultural differences might dictate what people thought about. Teenage boys in Botswana, for example, might discuss cows with the same passion that New York teenagers reserve for sports cars.
But the habits of thought - the strategies people adopted in processing information and making sense of the world around them - were, Western scholars assumed, the same for everyone, exemplified by, among other things, a devotion to logical reasoning, a penchant for categorization and an urge to understand situations and events in linear terms of cause and effect.
Recent work by a social psychologist at the University of Michigan, however, is turning this long-held view of mental functioning upside down. In a series of studies comparing European Americans to East Asians, Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues have found that people who grow up in different cultures do not just think about different things: they think differently.
We used to think that everybody uses categories in the same way, that logic plays the same kind of role for everyone in the understanding of everyday life, that memory, perception, rule application and so on are the same," Dr. Nisbett said. "But we're now arguing that cognitive processes themselves are just far more malleable than mainstream psychology assumed."
In many respects, the cultural disparities the researchers describe mirror those described by anthropologists, and may seem less than surprising to Americans who have lived in Asia. And Dr. Nisbett and his colleagues are not the first psychological researchers to propose that thought may be embedded in cultural assumptions: Soviet psychologists of the 1930's posed logic problems to Uzbek peasants, arguing that intellectual tools were influenced by pragmatic circumstances.
Still, to the extent that the studies reflect real differences in thinking and perception, psychologists may have to radically revise their ideas about what is universal and what is not, and to develop new models of mental processes that take cultural influences into account.
(Adapted from The New York Times)
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Soviet psychologists tried to make radical changes to pragmatic circumstances.
B. The way our brain processes information is kept unchanged.
C. We will have the same habits of thoughts when we immerse ourselves in another culture.
D. In-depth research is needed to shed light on the relationship between culture and thinking
Kiến thức: Đọc hiểu
Giải thích:
Điều nào sau đây có thể được suy ra từ đoạn văn?
A. Các nhà tâm lý học Liên Xô đã cố gắng tạo ra những thay đổi căn bản đối với hoàn cảnh thực tế.
B. Cách bộ não của chúng ta xử lý thông tin được giữ nguyên.
C. Chúng ta sẽ có những thói quen suy nghĩ giống nhau khi đắm mình trong một nền văn hóa khác.
D. Cần nghiên cứu sâu để làm sáng tỏ mối quan hệ giữa văn hóa và tư duy
Thông tin: Still, to the extent that the studies reflect real differences in thinking and perception, psychologists may have to radically revise their ideas about what is universal and what is not, and to develop new models of mental processes that take cultural influences into account.
Tạm dịch: Tuy nhiên, trong phạm vi các nghiên cứu phản ánh những khác biệt thực sự trong suy nghĩ và nhận thức, các nhà tâm lý học có thể phải xem lại một cách triệt để ý tưởng của họ về những gì phổ biến và những gì không, và phát triển các mô hình mới về các quá trình tinh thần có tính đến ảnh hưởng văn hóa.
Giải thích:
Điều nào sau đây có thể được suy ra từ đoạn văn?
A. Các nhà tâm lý học Liên Xô đã cố gắng tạo ra những thay đổi căn bản đối với hoàn cảnh thực tế.
B. Cách bộ não của chúng ta xử lý thông tin được giữ nguyên.
C. Chúng ta sẽ có những thói quen suy nghĩ giống nhau khi đắm mình trong một nền văn hóa khác.
D. Cần nghiên cứu sâu để làm sáng tỏ mối quan hệ giữa văn hóa và tư duy
Thông tin: Still, to the extent that the studies reflect real differences in thinking and perception, psychologists may have to radically revise their ideas about what is universal and what is not, and to develop new models of mental processes that take cultural influences into account.
Tạm dịch: Tuy nhiên, trong phạm vi các nghiên cứu phản ánh những khác biệt thực sự trong suy nghĩ và nhận thức, các nhà tâm lý học có thể phải xem lại một cách triệt để ý tưởng của họ về những gì phổ biến và những gì không, và phát triển các mô hình mới về các quá trình tinh thần có tính đến ảnh hưởng văn hóa.
Đáp án D.