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Câu hỏi: Tính các giới hạn sau:
a) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{6x + 8}}{{5x - 2}}\);
b) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{6x + 8}}{{5x - 2}}\);
c) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{\sqrt {9{x^2} - x + 1} }}{{3x - 2}}\);
d) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{\sqrt {9{x^2} - x + 1} }}{{3x - 2}}\);
e) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ - }} \frac{{3{x^2} + 4}}{{2x + 4}}\);
g) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ + }} \frac{{3{x^2} + 4}}{{2x + 4}}\).
a) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{6x + 8}}{{5x - 2}}\);
b) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{6x + 8}}{{5x - 2}}\);
c) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{\sqrt {9{x^2} - x + 1} }}{{3x - 2}}\);
d) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{\sqrt {9{x^2} - x + 1} }}{{3x - 2}}\);
e) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ - }} \frac{{3{x^2} + 4}}{{2x + 4}}\);
g) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ + }} \frac{{3{x^2} + 4}}{{2x + 4}}\).
Phương pháp giải
Sử dụng phương pháp:
- Chia cả tử và mẫu cho \({x^n}\), với n là số mũ cao nhất trong biểu thức đối với câu a, b.
- Câu c, d: \(\sqrt {{x^2}} = \left| x \right| = \left\{ \begin{array}{l}x,x \to + \infty \\ - x,x \to - \infty \end{array} \right.\)
- Câu d, e sử dụng giới hạn cơ bản sau: \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {a^ + }} \frac{1}{{x - a}} = + \infty ;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {a^ - }} \frac{1}{{x - a}} = - \infty \)
Lời giải chi tiết
a) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{6x + 8}}{{5x - 2}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{x\left( {6 + \frac{8}{x}} \right)}}{{x\left( {5 - \frac{2}{x}} \right)}} = \frac{6}{5}\)
b) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{6x + 8}}{{5x - 2}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{x\left( {6 + \frac{8}{x}} \right)}}{{x\left( {5 - \frac{2}{x}} \right)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{6 + \frac{8}{x}}}{{5 - \frac{2}{x}}} = \frac{6}{5}\).
c) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{\sqrt {9{x^2} - x + 1} }}{{3x - 2}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{ - x\sqrt {9 - \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}} }}{{x\left( {3 - \frac{2}{x}} \right)}} = - \frac{3}{3} = - 1\).
d) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{\sqrt {9{x^2} - x + 1} }}{{3x - 2}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{x\sqrt {9 - \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}} }}{{x\left( {3 - \frac{2}{x}} \right)}} = \frac{3}{3} = 1\).
e) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ - }} \frac{{3{x^2} + 4}}{{2x + 4}} = - \infty \)
Do \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ - }} \left( {3{x^2} + 1} \right) = 3.{\left( { - 2} \right)^2} + 1 = 13 > 0\) và \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ - }} \frac{1}{{2x + 4}} = - \infty \)
g) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ + }} \frac{{3{x^2} + 4}}{{2x + 4}} = + \infty \).
Do \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ + }} \left( {3{x^2} + 1} \right) = 3.{\left( { - 2} \right)^2} + 1 = 13 > 0\) và \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ + }} \frac{1}{{2x + 4}} = + \infty \)
Sử dụng phương pháp:
- Chia cả tử và mẫu cho \({x^n}\), với n là số mũ cao nhất trong biểu thức đối với câu a, b.
- Câu c, d: \(\sqrt {{x^2}} = \left| x \right| = \left\{ \begin{array}{l}x,x \to + \infty \\ - x,x \to - \infty \end{array} \right.\)
- Câu d, e sử dụng giới hạn cơ bản sau: \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {a^ + }} \frac{1}{{x - a}} = + \infty ;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {a^ - }} \frac{1}{{x - a}} = - \infty \)
Lời giải chi tiết
a) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{6x + 8}}{{5x - 2}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{x\left( {6 + \frac{8}{x}} \right)}}{{x\left( {5 - \frac{2}{x}} \right)}} = \frac{6}{5}\)
b) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{6x + 8}}{{5x - 2}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{x\left( {6 + \frac{8}{x}} \right)}}{{x\left( {5 - \frac{2}{x}} \right)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{6 + \frac{8}{x}}}{{5 - \frac{2}{x}}} = \frac{6}{5}\).
c) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{\sqrt {9{x^2} - x + 1} }}{{3x - 2}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{ - x\sqrt {9 - \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}} }}{{x\left( {3 - \frac{2}{x}} \right)}} = - \frac{3}{3} = - 1\).
d) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to + \infty } \frac{{\sqrt {9{x^2} - x + 1} }}{{3x - 2}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } \frac{{x\sqrt {9 - \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}} }}{{x\left( {3 - \frac{2}{x}} \right)}} = \frac{3}{3} = 1\).
e) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ - }} \frac{{3{x^2} + 4}}{{2x + 4}} = - \infty \)
Do \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ - }} \left( {3{x^2} + 1} \right) = 3.{\left( { - 2} \right)^2} + 1 = 13 > 0\) và \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ - }} \frac{1}{{2x + 4}} = - \infty \)
g) \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ + }} \frac{{3{x^2} + 4}}{{2x + 4}} = + \infty \).
Do \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ + }} \left( {3{x^2} + 1} \right) = 3.{\left( { - 2} \right)^2} + 1 = 13 > 0\) và \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - {2^ + }} \frac{1}{{2x + 4}} = + \infty \)