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Câu hỏi: Giải các phương trình sau:
a) \(\cos \left( {3x - \frac{\pi }{4}} \right) = - \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2}\);
b) \(2{\sin ^2}x - 1 + \cos 3x = 0\);
c) \(\tan \left( {2x + \frac{\pi }{5}} \right) = \tan \left( {x - \frac{\pi }{6}} \right)\).
a) \(\cos \left( {3x - \frac{\pi }{4}} \right) = - \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2}\);
b) \(2{\sin ^2}x - 1 + \cos 3x = 0\);
c) \(\tan \left( {2x + \frac{\pi }{5}} \right) = \tan \left( {x - \frac{\pi }{6}} \right)\).
Phương pháp giải
Dựa vào công thức nghiệm tổng quát:
\(\sin x = m \Leftrightarrow \sin x = \sin \alpha \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x = \alpha + k2\pi }\\{x = \pi - \alpha + k2\pi }\end{array}\left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)} \right.\)
\(\cos x = m \Leftrightarrow \cos x = \cos \alpha \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x = \alpha + k2\pi }\\{x = - \alpha + k2\pi }\end{array} \left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)} \right. \)
\(\tan x = m \Leftrightarrow \tan x = \tan \alpha \Leftrightarrow x = \alpha + k\pi \left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)\)
Lời giải chi tiết
a) \(\cos \left( {3x - \frac{\pi }{4}} \right) = - \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2} \Leftrightarrow \cos \left( {3x - \frac{\pi }{4}} \right) = \cos \frac{{3\pi }}{4} \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{3x - \frac{\pi }{4} = \frac{{3\pi }}{4} + k2\pi }\\{3x - \frac{\pi }{4} = - \frac{{3\pi }}{4} + k2\pi }\end{array}} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{3x = \pi + k2\pi }\\{3x = - \frac{\pi }{2} + k2\pi }\end{array}} \right.\)
\( \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x = \frac{\pi }{3} + \frac{{k2\pi }}{3}}\\{x = - \frac{\pi }{6} + \frac{{k2\pi }}{3}}\end{array}} \right. \left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)\)
b) \(2{\sin ^2}x - 1 + \cos 3x = 0 \Leftrightarrow \cos 2x + \cos 3x = 0 \Leftrightarrow 2\cos \frac{{5x}}{2}\cos \frac{x}{2} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\cos \frac{{5x}}{2} = 0}\\{\cos \frac{x}{2} = 0}\end{array}} \right.\)
\( \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\frac{{5x}}{2} = \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi }\\{\frac{{5x}}{2} = - \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi }\\{\frac{x}{2} = \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi }\\{\frac{x}{2} = - \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi }\end{array}} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x = \frac{\pi }{5} + \frac{{k2\pi }}{5}}\\{x = - \frac{\pi }{5} + \frac{{k2\pi }}{5}}\\{x = \pi + k2\pi }\\{x = - \pi + k2\pi }\end{array}} \right. \left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)\)
c) \(\tan \left( {2x + \frac{\pi }{5}} \right) = \tan \left( {x - \frac{\pi }{6}} \right) \Leftrightarrow 2x + \frac{\pi }{5} = x - \frac{\pi }{6} + k\pi \Leftrightarrow x = - \frac{{11\pi }}{{30}} + k\pi \left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)\)
Dựa vào công thức nghiệm tổng quát:
\(\sin x = m \Leftrightarrow \sin x = \sin \alpha \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x = \alpha + k2\pi }\\{x = \pi - \alpha + k2\pi }\end{array}\left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)} \right.\)
\(\cos x = m \Leftrightarrow \cos x = \cos \alpha \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x = \alpha + k2\pi }\\{x = - \alpha + k2\pi }\end{array} \left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)} \right. \)
\(\tan x = m \Leftrightarrow \tan x = \tan \alpha \Leftrightarrow x = \alpha + k\pi \left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)\)
Lời giải chi tiết
a) \(\cos \left( {3x - \frac{\pi }{4}} \right) = - \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2} \Leftrightarrow \cos \left( {3x - \frac{\pi }{4}} \right) = \cos \frac{{3\pi }}{4} \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{3x - \frac{\pi }{4} = \frac{{3\pi }}{4} + k2\pi }\\{3x - \frac{\pi }{4} = - \frac{{3\pi }}{4} + k2\pi }\end{array}} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{3x = \pi + k2\pi }\\{3x = - \frac{\pi }{2} + k2\pi }\end{array}} \right.\)
\( \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x = \frac{\pi }{3} + \frac{{k2\pi }}{3}}\\{x = - \frac{\pi }{6} + \frac{{k2\pi }}{3}}\end{array}} \right. \left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)\)
b) \(2{\sin ^2}x - 1 + \cos 3x = 0 \Leftrightarrow \cos 2x + \cos 3x = 0 \Leftrightarrow 2\cos \frac{{5x}}{2}\cos \frac{x}{2} = 0 \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\cos \frac{{5x}}{2} = 0}\\{\cos \frac{x}{2} = 0}\end{array}} \right.\)
\( \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\frac{{5x}}{2} = \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi }\\{\frac{{5x}}{2} = - \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi }\\{\frac{x}{2} = \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi }\\{\frac{x}{2} = - \frac{\pi }{2} + k\pi }\end{array}} \right. \Leftrightarrow \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x = \frac{\pi }{5} + \frac{{k2\pi }}{5}}\\{x = - \frac{\pi }{5} + \frac{{k2\pi }}{5}}\\{x = \pi + k2\pi }\\{x = - \pi + k2\pi }\end{array}} \right. \left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)\)
c) \(\tan \left( {2x + \frac{\pi }{5}} \right) = \tan \left( {x - \frac{\pi }{6}} \right) \Leftrightarrow 2x + \frac{\pi }{5} = x - \frac{\pi }{6} + k\pi \Leftrightarrow x = - \frac{{11\pi }}{{30}} + k\pi \left( {k \in \mathbb{Z}} \right)\)