Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B,C or D on your answer sheet toindicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny details; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.
The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940's because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940's, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available sources of soft X-rays.
The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light- and electron-based instruments.
Why did it take so long to develop the X-ray microscope?
A. Funds for research were insufficient
B. The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently
C. Materials used to manufacture X-ray tubes were difficult to obtain
D. X-ray microscopes were too complicated to operate
Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscopes have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny details; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.
The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940's because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940's, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available sources of soft X-rays.
The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light- and electron-based instruments.
Why did it take so long to develop the X-ray microscope?
A. Funds for research were insufficient
B. The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently
C. Materials used to manufacture X-ray tubes were difficult to obtain
D. X-ray microscopes were too complicated to operate
Kiến thức:Đọc hiểu
Giải thích:
Tại sao lại mất nhiều thời gian để phát triển kính hiển vi tia X?
A. Kinh phí cho nghiên cứu không đủ
B. Nguồn chiếu sáng không đủ sáng cho đến gần đây
C. Vật liệu dùng để sản xuất ống tia X rất khó kiếm được
D. Kính hiển vi tia X quá phức tạp để vận hành
Thông tin: In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available sources of soft X-rays.
Tạm dịch: Tuy nhiên, trong những năm gần đây, sự quan tâm về kính hiển vi tia X lại được khơi lại một cách rộng rãi bởi vì các sự tiến bộ ví dụ như sự phát triển của nguồn mới về độ chiếu sáng của tia X. Kết quả là, ánh sáng có sẵn ngày nay là hàng nghìn lần các tia X nối ống với nhau, cái mà hầu hết thế kỉ là nguồn duy nhất có sẵn của tia X mềm.
Giải thích:
Tại sao lại mất nhiều thời gian để phát triển kính hiển vi tia X?
A. Kinh phí cho nghiên cứu không đủ
B. Nguồn chiếu sáng không đủ sáng cho đến gần đây
C. Vật liệu dùng để sản xuất ống tia X rất khó kiếm được
D. Kính hiển vi tia X quá phức tạp để vận hành
Thông tin: In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only available sources of soft X-rays.
Tạm dịch: Tuy nhiên, trong những năm gần đây, sự quan tâm về kính hiển vi tia X lại được khơi lại một cách rộng rãi bởi vì các sự tiến bộ ví dụ như sự phát triển của nguồn mới về độ chiếu sáng của tia X. Kết quả là, ánh sáng có sẵn ngày nay là hàng nghìn lần các tia X nối ống với nhau, cái mà hầu hết thế kỉ là nguồn duy nhất có sẵn của tia X mềm.
Đáp án B.