Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual's life. The rewards of the group's work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?
A. It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate.
B. It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills.
C. It is an ideal that can never be achieved.
D. It was confined to prehistoric times.
Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual fuse. The group contains nearly all of each individual's life. The rewards of the group's work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modem societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic: the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals: it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.
Which of the following statements about primary cooperation is supported by information in the passage?
A. It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate.
B. It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills.
C. It is an ideal that can never be achieved.
D. It was confined to prehistoric times.
Keywords: primary cooperation, supported.
Clue: "While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies..,": Trong khi hợp
tác sơ đẳng thường chủ yếu là đặc tính của xã hội thuộc thời kỳ tiền văn tự ...
Xã hội thuộc thời kỳ tiền văn tự nghĩa là xã hội khi việc đọc viết chưa phổ biến. Có thể suy ra như sau "literate" là biết đọc, biết viết. Thêm tiền tố "pre" phía trước suy nghĩa là trước khi biết đọc biết viết. Thông tin được làm rõ trong đoạn 2 về "primary cooperation" là đáp án B. It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills: Thấy phổ biến nhất ở những người chưa phát triển kỹ năng đọc và viết.
Các đáp án còn lại là sai:
It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate:
Đây thường là giai đoạn hợp tác đầu tiên của một nhóm cá nhân cố gắng hợp tác.
It is an ideal that can never be achieved: Đó là một lý tưởng mà không bao giờ có thể đạt được.
It was confined to prehistoric times: Nó bị giới hạn vào thời tiền sử.
Clue: "While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies..,": Trong khi hợp
tác sơ đẳng thường chủ yếu là đặc tính của xã hội thuộc thời kỳ tiền văn tự ...
Xã hội thuộc thời kỳ tiền văn tự nghĩa là xã hội khi việc đọc viết chưa phổ biến. Có thể suy ra như sau "literate" là biết đọc, biết viết. Thêm tiền tố "pre" phía trước suy nghĩa là trước khi biết đọc biết viết. Thông tin được làm rõ trong đoạn 2 về "primary cooperation" là đáp án B. It is most commonly seen among people who have not yet developed reading and writing skills: Thấy phổ biến nhất ở những người chưa phát triển kỹ năng đọc và viết.
Các đáp án còn lại là sai:
It is usually the first stage of cooperation achieved by a group of individuals attempting to cooperate:
Đây thường là giai đoạn hợp tác đầu tiên của một nhóm cá nhân cố gắng hợp tác.
It is an ideal that can never be achieved: Đó là một lý tưởng mà không bao giờ có thể đạt được.
It was confined to prehistoric times: Nó bị giới hạn vào thời tiền sử.
Đáp án B.