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Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42
Diffusion, the process of introducing cultural elements from one society into another, occurs in three basic patterns: direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion.
In direct contact, elements of a society's culture may be adopted first by neighboring societies and then gradually spread farther afield. The spread of the manufacture of paper is an example of extensive diffusion by direct contact. The invention of paper is attributed to the Chinese Ts'ai Lun in A.D. 105. Within fifty years, paper was being made in many places in central China. By 264 it was found in Chinese Turkmenistan, and from then on the successive places of manufacture were Samarkand (751), Baghdad (793), Egypt (about 900), Morocco (about 1100), and France (1189). In general, the pattern of accepting the borrowed invention was the same everywhere. Paper was first imported into each area as a luxury, then in ever-expanding quantities as a staple product. Finally, usually within one to three centuries, local manufacture started.
Diffusion by intermediated contact occurs through the agency of third parties. Frequently, traders carry a cultural trait from the society that originated it to another group. As an example of diffusion through intermediaries, Phoenician traders spread the alphabet, which may have been invented by another Semitic group, to Greece. At times, soldiers serve as intermediaries in spreading a culture trait. During the Middle Ages, European soldiers acted as intermediaries in two ways: they carried European culture to Arab societies of North Africa and brought Arab culture back to Europe. In the nineteenth century Western missionaries brought Western-style clothing to such places as Africa and the Pacific islands.
In stimulus diffusion, knowledge of a trait belonging to another culture stimulates the invention or development of a local equivalent. A classic example of stimulus diffusion is the creation of the Cherokee syllabic writing system by a Native American named Sequoya. Sequoya got the idea from his contact with the English; yet he did not adopt the writing system nor did he even learn to write English. He utilized some English alphabetic symbols, altered others, and invented new ones. All the symbols he used represented Cherokee syllables and had a distinctly Cherokee form.
Which of the following statements about direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion is NOT true?
A. They all cause changes in culture.
B. They all occur in more than one culture.
C. They all involve the interaction of cultures.
D. They all require the trading of manufactured products.
Diffusion, the process of introducing cultural elements from one society into another, occurs in three basic patterns: direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion.
In direct contact, elements of a society's culture may be adopted first by neighboring societies and then gradually spread farther afield. The spread of the manufacture of paper is an example of extensive diffusion by direct contact. The invention of paper is attributed to the Chinese Ts'ai Lun in A.D. 105. Within fifty years, paper was being made in many places in central China. By 264 it was found in Chinese Turkmenistan, and from then on the successive places of manufacture were Samarkand (751), Baghdad (793), Egypt (about 900), Morocco (about 1100), and France (1189). In general, the pattern of accepting the borrowed invention was the same everywhere. Paper was first imported into each area as a luxury, then in ever-expanding quantities as a staple product. Finally, usually within one to three centuries, local manufacture started.
Diffusion by intermediated contact occurs through the agency of third parties. Frequently, traders carry a cultural trait from the society that originated it to another group. As an example of diffusion through intermediaries, Phoenician traders spread the alphabet, which may have been invented by another Semitic group, to Greece. At times, soldiers serve as intermediaries in spreading a culture trait. During the Middle Ages, European soldiers acted as intermediaries in two ways: they carried European culture to Arab societies of North Africa and brought Arab culture back to Europe. In the nineteenth century Western missionaries brought Western-style clothing to such places as Africa and the Pacific islands.
In stimulus diffusion, knowledge of a trait belonging to another culture stimulates the invention or development of a local equivalent. A classic example of stimulus diffusion is the creation of the Cherokee syllabic writing system by a Native American named Sequoya. Sequoya got the idea from his contact with the English; yet he did not adopt the writing system nor did he even learn to write English. He utilized some English alphabetic symbols, altered others, and invented new ones. All the symbols he used represented Cherokee syllables and had a distinctly Cherokee form.
Which of the following statements about direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion is NOT true?
A. They all cause changes in culture.
B. They all occur in more than one culture.
C. They all involve the interaction of cultures.
D. They all require the trading of manufactured products.
Kỹ năng: Đọc
Giải thích:
Phát biểu nào sau đây về tiếp xúc trực tiếp, tiếp xúc trung gian và truyền bá kích thích là KHÔNG đúng?
A. Tất cả đều gây ra những thay đổi trong văn hóa.
B. Tất cả đều xảy ra ở nhiều hơn một nền văn hóa.
C. Tất cả đều liên quan đến sự tương tác của các nền văn hóa.
D. Tất cả đều yêu cầu sự kinh doanh các sản phẩm được sản xuất.
Giải thích: có thể dễ dàng thấy trong ví dụ về truyền bá kích thích, không có sản phẩm nào phải được trao đổi để dẫn đến sự truyền bá văn hóa cả. Các đáp án A, B và C đều có thể được suy ra từ đoạn văn.
Giải thích:
Phát biểu nào sau đây về tiếp xúc trực tiếp, tiếp xúc trung gian và truyền bá kích thích là KHÔNG đúng?
A. Tất cả đều gây ra những thay đổi trong văn hóa.
B. Tất cả đều xảy ra ở nhiều hơn một nền văn hóa.
C. Tất cả đều liên quan đến sự tương tác của các nền văn hóa.
D. Tất cả đều yêu cầu sự kinh doanh các sản phẩm được sản xuất.
Giải thích: có thể dễ dàng thấy trong ví dụ về truyền bá kích thích, không có sản phẩm nào phải được trao đổi để dẫn đến sự truyền bá văn hóa cả. Các đáp án A, B và C đều có thể được suy ra từ đoạn văn.
Đáp án D.