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Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.
An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous changes. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled- a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.
Many of more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxides and nitrogen oxides are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.
However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is a concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact, the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0. 08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however has a natural level of 0. 1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.
Which of the following is best supported by the passage?
A. Scientists should be consulted in order to establish uniform limits for all air pollutants.
B. Human activities have been effective in reducing air pollution.
C. One of the most important steps in preserving natural lands is to better enforce air pollution laws.
D. To effectively control pollution, local government should regularly review their air pollution laws.
An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous changes. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled- a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.
Many of more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxides and nitrogen oxides are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.
However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is a concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact, the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0. 08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however has a natural level of 0. 1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.
Which of the following is best supported by the passage?
A. Scientists should be consulted in order to establish uniform limits for all air pollutants.
B. Human activities have been effective in reducing air pollution.
C. One of the most important steps in preserving natural lands is to better enforce air pollution laws.
D. To effectively control pollution, local government should regularly review their air pollution laws.
Điều nào sau đây được bài đọc ủng hộ nhất?
A. Các nhà khoa học nên hội ý để thiết lập những giới hạn đồng nhất cho tất cả những chất ô nhiễm không khí.
B. Những hoạt động của con người có hiệu quả trong việc giảm ô nhiễm không khí.
C. Một trong những bước quan trọng trong việc bảo tồn những mảnh đất tự nhiên là thi hành tốt hơn những luật về ô nhiễm không khí.
D. Để kiểm soát ô nhiễm hiệu quả thì chính phủ địa phương nên thường xuyên xem lại những luật ô nhiễm không khí.
A. Các nhà khoa học nên hội ý để thiết lập những giới hạn đồng nhất cho tất cả những chất ô nhiễm không khí.
B. Những hoạt động của con người có hiệu quả trong việc giảm ô nhiễm không khí.
C. Một trong những bước quan trọng trong việc bảo tồn những mảnh đất tự nhiên là thi hành tốt hơn những luật về ô nhiễm không khí.
D. Để kiểm soát ô nhiễm hiệu quả thì chính phủ địa phương nên thường xuyên xem lại những luật ô nhiễm không khí.
Đáp án B.