Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50
Skin is a fairly good barrier that keeps out most of the external water. If our fingers did absorb a significant amount of water after staying in the pool or bath for several minutes, then our fingers would swell to round, plump shapes. Contrasting to a common misunderstanding, the wrinkling is actually caused by a reduction of fluid inside the fingertips. How can our fingertips experience reduced fluid internally when exposed to increased fluid externally? From a physical perspective, this effect seems to be a paradox. The answer is that the wrinkling of wet fingertips is an active biological response, rather than a passive physical one. Scientists have known for almost a hundred years that nerve damage in the hand can result in a person no longer being able to get wet-induced finger wrinkles. Finger wrinkling is therefore controlled by the nervous system. Nerve signals cause blood vessels in the fingertips to constrict, reducing the amount of fluid in the fingertips.
How could wrinkles ever help one survive? In the journal Brains, Behavior and Evolution, Mark Changizi and his associates at the 2AI Labs hinted at an answer to this question. They state, "We show that their morphology has the signature properties of drainage networks, enabling efficient removal of water from the gripped surface... Wet-induced wrinkles may, in fact, be substantially superior to 'rain treads' on shoes, which maintain a tread even when under compression and thus have a surface area of contact that is reduced. Wet-induced wrinkle treads, on the other hand, are pliable, and the act of pressing a fingertip down on a wet surface 'squeezes' the fluid out from under the finger through the channels, and upon completion of this single pulsatile flow the entire finger's skin contacts the surface." A human with an improved grip can better handle tools and weapons in the rain, as well as retrieve food from rivers and streams.
Additional research carried out in 2013 by Kyriacos Kareklas and associates, as reported in Biology Letters, found that participants were able to transfer wet marbles and fishing weights between containers significantly faster if they had wet-induced finger wrinkles. While more research is needed to confirm these results, these studies suggest that the improved-grip hypothesis is a plausible explanation for wet-induced finger wrinkling.
A. Wrinkles due to absorption of water.
B. A misconception about evolution.
C. Our most important survival mechanism.
D. The reason behind wrinkled fingertips.
Skin is a fairly good barrier that keeps out most of the external water. If our fingers did absorb a significant amount of water after staying in the pool or bath for several minutes, then our fingers would swell to round, plump shapes. Contrasting to a common misunderstanding, the wrinkling is actually caused by a reduction of fluid inside the fingertips. How can our fingertips experience reduced fluid internally when exposed to increased fluid externally? From a physical perspective, this effect seems to be a paradox. The answer is that the wrinkling of wet fingertips is an active biological response, rather than a passive physical one. Scientists have known for almost a hundred years that nerve damage in the hand can result in a person no longer being able to get wet-induced finger wrinkles. Finger wrinkling is therefore controlled by the nervous system. Nerve signals cause blood vessels in the fingertips to constrict, reducing the amount of fluid in the fingertips.
How could wrinkles ever help one survive? In the journal Brains, Behavior and Evolution, Mark Changizi and his associates at the 2AI Labs hinted at an answer to this question. They state, "We show that their morphology has the signature properties of drainage networks, enabling efficient removal of water from the gripped surface... Wet-induced wrinkles may, in fact, be substantially superior to 'rain treads' on shoes, which maintain a tread even when under compression and thus have a surface area of contact that is reduced. Wet-induced wrinkle treads, on the other hand, are pliable, and the act of pressing a fingertip down on a wet surface 'squeezes' the fluid out from under the finger through the channels, and upon completion of this single pulsatile flow the entire finger's skin contacts the surface." A human with an improved grip can better handle tools and weapons in the rain, as well as retrieve food from rivers and streams.
Additional research carried out in 2013 by Kyriacos Kareklas and associates, as reported in Biology Letters, found that participants were able to transfer wet marbles and fishing weights between containers significantly faster if they had wet-induced finger wrinkles. While more research is needed to confirm these results, these studies suggest that the improved-grip hypothesis is a plausible explanation for wet-induced finger wrinkling.
(Adapted from: https://www.wtamu.edu/)
Which is the topic of the passage?A. Wrinkles due to absorption of water.
B. A misconception about evolution.
C. Our most important survival mechanism.
D. The reason behind wrinkled fingertips.
Chủ đề của đoạn văn là gì?
A. Vết nhăn do hút nước.
B. Một quan niệm sai lầm về quá trình tiến hóa.
C. Cơ chế sinh tồn quan trọng nhất của chúng ta.
D. Nguyên nhân đầu ngón tay nhăn nheo khi ngâm nước nhiều.
Căn cứ vào thông tin:
+ Đoạn 1: Contrasting to a common misunderstanding, the wrinkling is actually caused by a reduction of fluid inside the fingertips. How can our fingertips experience reduced fluid internally when exposed to increased fluid externally? From a physical perspective this effect seems to be a paradox. The answer is that the wrinkling of wet fingertips is an active biological response, rather than a passive physical one. Scientists have known for almost a hundred years that nerve damage in the hand can result in a person no longer being able to get wet-induced finger wrinkles. Finger wrinkling is therefore controlled by the nervous system. Nerve signals cause blood vessels in the fingertips to constrict, reducing the amount of fluid in the fingertips.
(Trái ngược với một sự hiểu lầm phổ biến, nếp nhăn thực sự là do giảm chất lỏng bên trong các đầu ngón tay. Đầu ngón tay của chúng ta có thể bị giảm chất lỏng bên trong khi tiếp xúc với chất lỏng tăng lên bên ngoài như thế nào? Từ góc độ vật lý, hiệu ứng này dường như là một nghịch lý.
Câu trả lời là sự nhăn lại của các đầu ngón tay ướt là một phản ứng sinh học chủ động, chứ không phải là một phản ứng vật lý thụ động. Trong khoảng gần một trăm năm qua, các nhà khoa học đã biết rằng tổn thương dây thần kinh ở bàn tay có thể dẫn đến việc một người không còn khả năng bị nếp nhăn ngón tay do ướt. Nhẫn ngón tay do đó được kiểm soát bởi hệ thống thần kinh. Tín hiệu thần kinh làm cho các mạch máu ở đầu ngón tay co lại, làm giảm lượng chất lỏng ở đầu ngón tay)
→ Do đó, D là đáp án hợp lí nhất.
A. Vết nhăn do hút nước.
B. Một quan niệm sai lầm về quá trình tiến hóa.
C. Cơ chế sinh tồn quan trọng nhất của chúng ta.
D. Nguyên nhân đầu ngón tay nhăn nheo khi ngâm nước nhiều.
Căn cứ vào thông tin:
+ Đoạn 1: Contrasting to a common misunderstanding, the wrinkling is actually caused by a reduction of fluid inside the fingertips. How can our fingertips experience reduced fluid internally when exposed to increased fluid externally? From a physical perspective this effect seems to be a paradox. The answer is that the wrinkling of wet fingertips is an active biological response, rather than a passive physical one. Scientists have known for almost a hundred years that nerve damage in the hand can result in a person no longer being able to get wet-induced finger wrinkles. Finger wrinkling is therefore controlled by the nervous system. Nerve signals cause blood vessels in the fingertips to constrict, reducing the amount of fluid in the fingertips.
(Trái ngược với một sự hiểu lầm phổ biến, nếp nhăn thực sự là do giảm chất lỏng bên trong các đầu ngón tay. Đầu ngón tay của chúng ta có thể bị giảm chất lỏng bên trong khi tiếp xúc với chất lỏng tăng lên bên ngoài như thế nào? Từ góc độ vật lý, hiệu ứng này dường như là một nghịch lý.
Câu trả lời là sự nhăn lại của các đầu ngón tay ướt là một phản ứng sinh học chủ động, chứ không phải là một phản ứng vật lý thụ động. Trong khoảng gần một trăm năm qua, các nhà khoa học đã biết rằng tổn thương dây thần kinh ở bàn tay có thể dẫn đến việc một người không còn khả năng bị nếp nhăn ngón tay do ướt. Nhẫn ngón tay do đó được kiểm soát bởi hệ thống thần kinh. Tín hiệu thần kinh làm cho các mạch máu ở đầu ngón tay co lại, làm giảm lượng chất lỏng ở đầu ngón tay)
→ Do đó, D là đáp án hợp lí nhất.
Đáp án D.