Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50
For more than a century, Western philosophers and psychologists have based their discussions of mental life on a cardinal assumption: that the same basic processes underlie all human thought, whether in the mountains of Tibet or the grasslands of the Serengeti. Cultural differences might dictate what people thought about. Teenage boys in Botswana, for example, might discuss cows with the same passion that New York teenagers reserve for sports cars.
But the habits of thought - the strategies people adopted in processing information and making sense of the world around them - were, Western scholars assumed, the same for everyone, exemplified by, among other things, a devotion to logical reasoning, a penchant for categorization and an urge to understand situations and events in linear terms of cause and effect.
Recent work by a social psychologist at the University of Michigan, however, is turning this long-held view of mental functioning upside down. In a series of studies comparing European Americans to East Asians, Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues have found that people who grow up in different cultures do not just think about different things: they think differently.
We used to think that everybody uses categories in the same way, that logic plays the same kind of role for everyone in the understanding of everyday life, that memory, perception, rule application and so on are the same," Dr. Nisbett said. "But we're now arguing that cognitive processes themselves are just far more malleable than mainstream psychology assumed."
In many respects, the cultural disparities the researchers describe mirror those described by anthropologists, and may seem less than surprising to Americans who have lived in Asia. And Dr. Nisbett and his colleagues are not the first psychological researchers to propose that thought may be embedded in cultural assumptions: Soviet psychologists of the 1930's posed logic problems to Uzbek peasants, arguing that intellectual tools were influenced by pragmatic circumstances.
Still, to the extent that the studies reflect real differences in thinking and perception, psychologists may have to radically revise their ideas about what is universal and what is not, and to develop new models of mental processes that take cultural influences into account.
A. People who relocate to another country
B. Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues
C. People belonging to different households
D. Individuals who grow up in various cultures
For more than a century, Western philosophers and psychologists have based their discussions of mental life on a cardinal assumption: that the same basic processes underlie all human thought, whether in the mountains of Tibet or the grasslands of the Serengeti. Cultural differences might dictate what people thought about. Teenage boys in Botswana, for example, might discuss cows with the same passion that New York teenagers reserve for sports cars.
But the habits of thought - the strategies people adopted in processing information and making sense of the world around them - were, Western scholars assumed, the same for everyone, exemplified by, among other things, a devotion to logical reasoning, a penchant for categorization and an urge to understand situations and events in linear terms of cause and effect.
Recent work by a social psychologist at the University of Michigan, however, is turning this long-held view of mental functioning upside down. In a series of studies comparing European Americans to East Asians, Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues have found that people who grow up in different cultures do not just think about different things: they think differently.
We used to think that everybody uses categories in the same way, that logic plays the same kind of role for everyone in the understanding of everyday life, that memory, perception, rule application and so on are the same," Dr. Nisbett said. "But we're now arguing that cognitive processes themselves are just far more malleable than mainstream psychology assumed."
In many respects, the cultural disparities the researchers describe mirror those described by anthropologists, and may seem less than surprising to Americans who have lived in Asia. And Dr. Nisbett and his colleagues are not the first psychological researchers to propose that thought may be embedded in cultural assumptions: Soviet psychologists of the 1930's posed logic problems to Uzbek peasants, arguing that intellectual tools were influenced by pragmatic circumstances.
Still, to the extent that the studies reflect real differences in thinking and perception, psychologists may have to radically revise their ideas about what is universal and what is not, and to develop new models of mental processes that take cultural influences into account.
(Adapted from The New York Times)
The word "they" in paragraph 3 refers to _______.A. People who relocate to another country
B. Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues
C. People belonging to different households
D. Individuals who grow up in various cultures
Kiến thức: Đọc hiểu tìm từ thay thế
Giải thích:
Từ "thay" trong đoạn 3 đề cập đến .
A. Những người di cư đến một quốc gia khác
B. Tiến sĩ Richard Nisbett và các đồng nghiệp của ông
C. Những người thuộc các hộ gia đình khác nhau
D. Những cá nhân lớn lên trong nền văn hóa khác nhau
Thông tin: In a series of studies comparing European Americans to East Asians, Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues have found that people who grow up in different cultures do not just think about different things: they think differently.
(Trong một loạt các nghiên cứu so sánh người Âu Mỹ với người Đông Á, Tiến sĩ Richard Nisbeit và các đồng nghiệp của ông đã phát hiện ra rằng những người lớn lên trong các nền văn hóa khác nhau không chỉ nghĩ về những điều khác nhau: họ nghĩ khác nhau.)
Từ "thay" đề cập đến "people who grow up in different cultures"
Giải thích:
Từ "thay" trong đoạn 3 đề cập đến .
A. Những người di cư đến một quốc gia khác
B. Tiến sĩ Richard Nisbett và các đồng nghiệp của ông
C. Những người thuộc các hộ gia đình khác nhau
D. Những cá nhân lớn lên trong nền văn hóa khác nhau
Thông tin: In a series of studies comparing European Americans to East Asians, Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues have found that people who grow up in different cultures do not just think about different things: they think differently.
(Trong một loạt các nghiên cứu so sánh người Âu Mỹ với người Đông Á, Tiến sĩ Richard Nisbeit và các đồng nghiệp của ông đã phát hiện ra rằng những người lớn lên trong các nền văn hóa khác nhau không chỉ nghĩ về những điều khác nhau: họ nghĩ khác nhau.)
Từ "thay" đề cập đến "people who grow up in different cultures"
Đáp án D.