Google
Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50.
Nuclear family, also called elementary family, in sociology and anthropology, is a group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognized children. Typically, but not always, the adults in a nuclear family are married. Although such couples are most often a man and a woman, the definition of the nuclear family has expanded with the advent of same-sex marriage. Children in a nuclear family may be the couple’s biological or adopted offspring.
Thus defined, the nuclear family was once widely held to be the most basic and universal form of social organization. Anthropological research, however, has illuminated so much variability of this form that it is safer to assume that what is universal is a “nuclear family complex” in which the roles of husband, wife, mother, father, son, daughter, brother, and sister are embodied by people whose biological relationships do not necessarily conform to the Western definitions of these terms. In matrilineal societies, for example, a child may be the responsibility not of his biological genitor but of his mother’s brother, who fulfills the roles typical of Western fatherhood.
Closely related in form to the predominant nuclear-family unit are the conjugal family and the consanguineal family. As its name implies, the conjugal family is knit together primarily by the marriage tie and consists of mother, father, their children, and some close relatives. The consanguineal family, on the other hand, typically groups itself around a unlineal descent group known as a lineage, a form that reckons kinship through either the father’s or the mother’s line but not both. Whether a culture is patrilineal or matrilineal, a consanguineal family comprises lineage relatives and consists of parents, their children, and their children’s children. Rules regarding lineage exogamy are common in these groups; within a given community, marriages thus create cross-cutting social and political ties between lineages.
The stability of the conjugal family depends on the quality of the marriage of the husband and wife, a relationship that is more emphasized in the kinds of industrialized, highly mobile societies that frequently demand that people reside away from their kin groups. The consanguineal family derives its stability from its corporate nature and its permanence, as its relationships emphasize the perpetuation of the line.
A. changed
B. clarified
C. improved
D. confused
Nuclear family, also called elementary family, in sociology and anthropology, is a group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognized children. Typically, but not always, the adults in a nuclear family are married. Although such couples are most often a man and a woman, the definition of the nuclear family has expanded with the advent of same-sex marriage. Children in a nuclear family may be the couple’s biological or adopted offspring.
Thus defined, the nuclear family was once widely held to be the most basic and universal form of social organization. Anthropological research, however, has illuminated so much variability of this form that it is safer to assume that what is universal is a “nuclear family complex” in which the roles of husband, wife, mother, father, son, daughter, brother, and sister are embodied by people whose biological relationships do not necessarily conform to the Western definitions of these terms. In matrilineal societies, for example, a child may be the responsibility not of his biological genitor but of his mother’s brother, who fulfills the roles typical of Western fatherhood.
Closely related in form to the predominant nuclear-family unit are the conjugal family and the consanguineal family. As its name implies, the conjugal family is knit together primarily by the marriage tie and consists of mother, father, their children, and some close relatives. The consanguineal family, on the other hand, typically groups itself around a unlineal descent group known as a lineage, a form that reckons kinship through either the father’s or the mother’s line but not both. Whether a culture is patrilineal or matrilineal, a consanguineal family comprises lineage relatives and consists of parents, their children, and their children’s children. Rules regarding lineage exogamy are common in these groups; within a given community, marriages thus create cross-cutting social and political ties between lineages.
The stability of the conjugal family depends on the quality of the marriage of the husband and wife, a relationship that is more emphasized in the kinds of industrialized, highly mobile societies that frequently demand that people reside away from their kin groups. The consanguineal family derives its stability from its corporate nature and its permanence, as its relationships emphasize the perpetuation of the line.
(Source: https://www.britannica.com/)
The word “illuminated” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to __________.A. changed
B. clarified
C. improved
D. confused
Từ “illuminated” trong đoạn 2 gần nghĩa nhất với từ __________.
A. thay đổi
B. làm sáng tỏ
C. cải thiện
D. nhầm lẫn
Từ đồng nghĩa: illuminated (làm sáng tỏ) = clarified
Thus defined, the nuclear family was once widely held to be the most basic and universal form of social organization. Anthropological research, however, has illuminated so much variability of this form that it is safer to assume that what is universal is a “nuclear family complex” in which the roles of husband, wife, mother, father, son, daughter, brother, and sister are embodied by people whose biological relationships do not necessarily conform to the Western definitions of these terms.
(Như đã định nghĩa, gia đình hạt nhân đã từng được tổ chức rộng rãi trở thành hình thức cơ bản và phổ biến nhất của tổ chức xã hội. Tuy nhiên, nghiên cứu nhân loại học đã làm sáng tỏ rất nhiều biến đổi của hình thức này, nó an toàn hơn khi giả định đó là “phức hợp gia đình hạt nhân” trong đó vai trò của chồng, vợ, mẹ, cha, con trai, con gái, anh trai, và em gái được thể hiện bởi những người mà mối quan hệ huyết thống của họ không nhất thiết phải tuân thủ các định nghĩa phương Tây về các thuật ngữ này.)
A. thay đổi
B. làm sáng tỏ
C. cải thiện
D. nhầm lẫn
Từ đồng nghĩa: illuminated (làm sáng tỏ) = clarified
Thus defined, the nuclear family was once widely held to be the most basic and universal form of social organization. Anthropological research, however, has illuminated so much variability of this form that it is safer to assume that what is universal is a “nuclear family complex” in which the roles of husband, wife, mother, father, son, daughter, brother, and sister are embodied by people whose biological relationships do not necessarily conform to the Western definitions of these terms.
(Như đã định nghĩa, gia đình hạt nhân đã từng được tổ chức rộng rãi trở thành hình thức cơ bản và phổ biến nhất của tổ chức xã hội. Tuy nhiên, nghiên cứu nhân loại học đã làm sáng tỏ rất nhiều biến đổi của hình thức này, nó an toàn hơn khi giả định đó là “phức hợp gia đình hạt nhân” trong đó vai trò của chồng, vợ, mẹ, cha, con trai, con gái, anh trai, và em gái được thể hiện bởi những người mà mối quan hệ huyết thống của họ không nhất thiết phải tuân thủ các định nghĩa phương Tây về các thuật ngữ này.)
Đáp án B.