Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Landscape architecture is the design and development of land for human use and enjoyment. Before the middle of the nineteenth century, landscape architecture was practiced as an art but not as a profession. Since ancient times, the art had been employed only by the wealthy, Romans had their courtyards, Persians their gardens, Italians their city plazas, and the French their palace grounds. The upper classes in the American colonies adopted the landscape style of the British, especially their elaborate gardens. As most landscape projects included gardens, the designers were called landscape gardeners.
The inventor of the term landscape architecture was a British scholar, Gilbert Laing Meason, who wrote it in a book in 1828. In the United States, the label was adopted by Frederick Law Olmstead, the first person to claim that title as his profession. Olmstead revolutionised the field when he and architect Calvert Vaux entered a competition for the design of New York's proposed Central Park. In 1858, Olmstead and Vaux's design was selected and it was built over the next 15 years.
Olmstead's concept was to make the park a symbol of democracy and egalitarian ideals. He saw it as a place that welcomed all classes of people and encouraged them to contemplate and recreate away from the pressures of everyday life. His novel design idea was to create what he called separate circulation systems" for the different classes of users - pedestrians, horseback riders, and horse-drawn carriages. Traffic moving through the park was concealed in sunken roadways hidden by shrubs to preserve the appearance of an unspoiled landscape. Today the park includes running tracks, ice skating rinks, a wildlife sanctuary, baseball fields. playgrounds, and a world-famous restaurant, Tavern on the Green.
Olmstend also designed the grounds of the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. he installed the marble terraces that project from the sides of the building. Some visitors to the Capital complained that they had no place to water their horses. In response, Olmstead designed an open-air brick building, the Summer House, which had a fountain from which horses could drink.
Landscape architects founded their own organisation in 1899, the American Society of Landscape Architects. A landscape architect must be familiar with mathematics, science, engineering, art, and technology. He must also understand the social context of the work and must be adept at dealing with politicians, public interest groups, and government agencies.
The profession has become increasingly specialized. Landscape designers and technicians or engineers plan and build the project. Landscape managers are concerned with the long-term care of the landscape. Landscape scientists work with the architects on technical problems in areas such as soils, hydrology. or botany. Public policy and planning strategies are developed with the aid of landscape planners. Garden designers work on private gardens as well as historic-garden preservation.
A. unique
B. traditional
C. formal
D. intricate
Giải thích:
Từ "elaborate" trong đoạn 1 đồng nghĩa với từ _______.
A. unique (adj): độc nhất
B. traditional (adj): truyền thống
C. formal (adj): trang trọng
D. intricate (adj): phức tạp
elaborate (adj): phức tạp = intricate
Landscape architecture is the design and development of land for human use and enjoyment. Before the middle of the nineteenth century, landscape architecture was practiced as an art but not as a profession. Since ancient times, the art had been employed only by the wealthy, Romans had their courtyards, Persians their gardens, Italians their city plazas, and the French their palace grounds. The upper classes in the American colonies adopted the landscape style of the British, especially their elaborate gardens. As most landscape projects included gardens, the designers were called landscape gardeners.
The inventor of the term landscape architecture was a British scholar, Gilbert Laing Meason, who wrote it in a book in 1828. In the United States, the label was adopted by Frederick Law Olmstead, the first person to claim that title as his profession. Olmstead revolutionised the field when he and architect Calvert Vaux entered a competition for the design of New York's proposed Central Park. In 1858, Olmstead and Vaux's design was selected and it was built over the next 15 years.
Olmstead's concept was to make the park a symbol of democracy and egalitarian ideals. He saw it as a place that welcomed all classes of people and encouraged them to contemplate and recreate away from the pressures of everyday life. His novel design idea was to create what he called separate circulation systems" for the different classes of users - pedestrians, horseback riders, and horse-drawn carriages. Traffic moving through the park was concealed in sunken roadways hidden by shrubs to preserve the appearance of an unspoiled landscape. Today the park includes running tracks, ice skating rinks, a wildlife sanctuary, baseball fields. playgrounds, and a world-famous restaurant, Tavern on the Green.
Olmstend also designed the grounds of the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. he installed the marble terraces that project from the sides of the building. Some visitors to the Capital complained that they had no place to water their horses. In response, Olmstead designed an open-air brick building, the Summer House, which had a fountain from which horses could drink.
Landscape architects founded their own organisation in 1899, the American Society of Landscape Architects. A landscape architect must be familiar with mathematics, science, engineering, art, and technology. He must also understand the social context of the work and must be adept at dealing with politicians, public interest groups, and government agencies.
The profession has become increasingly specialized. Landscape designers and technicians or engineers plan and build the project. Landscape managers are concerned with the long-term care of the landscape. Landscape scientists work with the architects on technical problems in areas such as soils, hydrology. or botany. Public policy and planning strategies are developed with the aid of landscape planners. Garden designers work on private gardens as well as historic-garden preservation.
(Adapted from How to Master Skills for Me TOEFL IBT by Timothy Hall and Arthur H. Milch)
The word elaborate in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _______.A. unique
B. traditional
C. formal
D. intricate
DỊCH BÀI: Landscape architecture is the design and development of land for human use and enjoyment. Before the middle of the nineteenth century, landscape architecture was practiced as an art but not as a profession. Since ancient times, the art had been employed only by the wealthy, Romans had their courtyards, Persians their gardens, Italians their city plazas, and the French their palace grounds. The upper classes in the American colonies adopted the landscape style of the British, especially their elaborate gardens. As most landscape projects included gardens, the designers were called landscape gardeners.The inventor of the term landscape architecture was a British scholar, Gilbert Laing Meason, who wrote it in a book in 1828. In the United States, the label was adopted by Frederick Law Olmstead, the first person to claim that title as his profession. Olmstead revolutionised the field when he and architect Calvert Vaux entered a competition for the design of New York's proposed Central Park. In 1858, Olmstead and Vaux's design was selected and it was built over the next 15 years. Olmstead's concept was to make the park a symbol of democracy and egalitarian ideals. He saw it as a place that welcomed all classes of people and encouraged them to contemplate and recreate away from the pressures of everyday life. His novel design idea was to create what he called "separate circulation systems" for the different classes of users - pedestrians, horseback riders, and horse-drawn carriages. Traffic moving through the park was concealed in sunken roadways hidden by shrubs to preserve the appearance of an unspoiled landscape. Today the park includes running tracks, ice skating rinks, a wildlife sanctuary, baseball fields playgrounds, and a world-famous restaurant, Tavern on the Green. Olmstead also designed the grounds of the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. He installed the marble terraces that project from the sides of the building. Some visitors to the Capital complained that they had no place to water their horses. In response, Olmstead designed an open-air brick building, the Summer House, which had a fountain from which horses could drink. Landscape architects founded their own organisation in 1899, the American Society of Landscape Architects. A landscape architect must be familiar with mathematics, science, engineering, art, and technology. He must also understand the social context of the work and must be adept at dealing with politicians, public interest groups, and government agencies. The profession has become increasingly specialized. Landscape designers and technicians or engineers plan and build the project. Landscape managers are concerned with the long-term care of the landscape. Landscape scientists work with the architects on technical problems in areas such as soils, hydrology, or botany. Public policy and planning strategies are developed with the aid of landscape planners. Garden designers work on private gardens as well as historic-garden preservation. | Kiến trúc cảnh quan là sự thiết kế và phát triển đất đai để con người sử dụng và thưởng thức. Trước giữa thế kỷ 19, kiến trúc cảnh quan được xem là một nghệ thuật nhưng không phải một nghề nghiệp. Từ thời cổ đại, nghệ thuật chỉ được những người giàu có sử dụng, người La Mã có sân trong nhà, người Ba Tư có khu vườn, người Ý có quảng trường thành phố, và người Pháp có khuôn viên cung điện của riêng mình. Tầng lớp thượng lưu tại các thuộc địa của Mỹ đã áp dụng phong cách cảnh quan Anh quốc, đặc biệt là trong những khu vườn công phu của họ. Vì đa số các dự án cảnh quan đều bao gồm những khu vườn tược, nên các nhà thiết kế được gọi là người làm vườn cảnh quan. Người phát minh ra thuật ngữ kiến trúc cảnh quan là một học giả người Anh, Gilbert Laing Meason, người đã viết nó trong một quyển sách vào năm 1828. Ở Mỹ, tên gọi này được Frederick Law Olmstead áp dụng, người đầu tiên coi chức danh đó là nghề nghiệp của mình. Olmstead đã cách mạng hóa lĩnh vực này khi ông và kiến trúc sư Calvert Vaux tham gia một cuộc thi thiết kế công viên trung tâm do New York khởi động. Năm 1858, thiết kế của Olmstead và Vaux đã được chọn và nó đã được thi công trong 15 năm tới. Ý tưởng của Olmstead là biến công viên thành một biểu tượng dân chủ và lý tưởng bình đẳng. Ông xem nó như một nơi hoan nghênh người dân từ mọi tầng lớp và khuyến khích họ thưởng ngoạn và giải khuây sau những áp lực từ cuộc sống thường nhật. Ý tưởng thiết kế mới lạ của ông chính là tạo ra một thứ mà ông gọi đó là "hệ thống lưu thông riêng biệt" cho những người dùng từ các tầng lớp khác nhau - người đi bộ, người cưỡi ngựa, và xe ngựa. Giao thông di chuyển qua công viên được giấu trong những con đường trũng bị che khuất bởi các bụi cây để bảo vệ diện mạo của một phong cảnh hoang sơ. Ngày nay, công viên bao gồm đường chạy, sân trượt băng, khu bảo tồn động vật hoang dã, sân bóng chày , và một nhà hàng trứ danh thế giới, Tavern on the Green. Olmstead cũng thiết kế khuôn viên của tòa nhà Quốc hội Mỹ ở Washington, D.C. Ông đã lắp đặt những bậc thang bằng đá cẩm thạch cho các phía của tòa nhà. Một số du khách đến thủ đô đã phàn nàn rằng họ không có nơi nào để cho ngựa uống nước. Để đáp lại, Olmstead đã thiết kế một tòa nhà bằng gạch ngoài trời, Summer House, nơi có một đài phun nước để ngựa có thể uống nước. Các kiến trúc sư cảnh quan đã thành lập tổ chức riêng vào năm 1899, Hiệp hội Kiến trúc sư Cảnh quan Hoa Kỳ. Một kiến trúc sư cảnh quan phải tường tận toán học, khoa học, kỹ thuật, nghệ thuật, và công nghệ. Người đó cũng phải thông hiểu bối cảnh xã hội của công trình và phải lão luyện trong việc đương đầu với các chính trị gia, các nhóm lợi ích công, và các tổ chức chính phủ. Nghề nghiệp này đã trở nên ngày càng chuyên biệt. Các nhà thiết kế cảnh quan và kỹ thuật viên hoặc kỹ sư hoạch định và thi công dự án. Các nhà quản lý cảnh quan chịu trách nhiệm chăm sóc dài hạn cho cảnh quan đó. Các nhà khoa học cảnh quan làm việc cùng với các kiến trúc sư về vấn đề kỹ thuật trong khu vực như đất đai, thủy văn, hay thực vật. Chính sách công và các chiến lược quy hoạch được phát triển bởi các nhà hoạch định cảnh quan. Nhà thiết kế sân vườn làm việc với các khu vườn tư nhân cũng như bảo tồn các khu vườn lịch sử. |
Từ "elaborate" trong đoạn 1 đồng nghĩa với từ _______.
A. unique (adj): độc nhất
B. traditional (adj): truyền thống
C. formal (adj): trang trọng
D. intricate (adj): phức tạp
elaborate (adj): phức tạp = intricate
Đáp án D.