Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.
Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar like polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.
The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of structural damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at +50°C, while others can grow at -5°c, so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms. In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.
The passage mentions shrimps, spiders, and insects because their skeletons______________.
A. can be destroyed by fungi
B. have unusual chemical compositions
C. contain a material found in the walls of fungal cells
D. secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do
Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar like polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.
The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of structural damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at +50°C, while others can grow at -5°c, so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms. In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.
The passage mentions shrimps, spiders, and insects because their skeletons______________.
A. can be destroyed by fungi
B. have unusual chemical compositions
C. contain a material found in the walls of fungal cells
D. secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do
Bài đọc đề cập đến tôm, nhện và các loại côn trùng bởi vì xương của chúng____________.
A. có thể bị nấm phá hủy
B. có thành phần hóa học bất thường
C. chứa một chất được tìm thấy trong thành của tế bào nấm
D. tiết ra các enzym giống như thành của tế bào nấm
Thông tin trong bài: "Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar like polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made." (Hơn nữa, thành của tế bào nấm không được làm bằng xenlulozơ như ở thực vật, mà được làm bằng một loại đường phức tạp khác như polyme gọi là chitin, nguyên liệu cấu tạo nên bộ xương cứng bên ngoài của tôm, nhện và côn trùng.)
A. có thể bị nấm phá hủy
B. có thành phần hóa học bất thường
C. chứa một chất được tìm thấy trong thành của tế bào nấm
D. tiết ra các enzym giống như thành của tế bào nấm
Thông tin trong bài: "Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar like polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made." (Hơn nữa, thành của tế bào nấm không được làm bằng xenlulozơ như ở thực vật, mà được làm bằng một loại đường phức tạp khác như polyme gọi là chitin, nguyên liệu cấu tạo nên bộ xương cứng bên ngoài của tôm, nhện và côn trùng.)
Đáp án C.