Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 43 to 50.
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things" done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well¬being of a social group's member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in terms of___________
A. examples that illustrate a problem
B. narration of events
C. comparison and contrast
D. cause and effect analysis
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things" done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well¬being of a social group's member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in terms of___________
A. examples that illustrate a problem
B. narration of events
C. comparison and contrast
D. cause and effect analysis
Câu hỏi. Đoạn 3 và 4 tổ chức thảo luận về sự lãnh đạo theo khía cạnh nào?
A. Các ví dụ để minh họa cho vấn đề
B. Sự trần thuật các sự kiện
C. Sự so sánh và đối lập
D. Phân tích nguyên nhân và ảnh hưởng.
Đoạn 3 và 4 là sự so sánh cũng như đối chiếu về hai phong cách lãnh đạo theo kiểu "expressive" hay "instrumental leadership".
Đọc đoạn 3,4 ta luôn tìm thấy sự so sánh, đối lập liên tiếp khi thể hiện 2 phong cách lãnh đạo này:
Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things" done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's member.
Tạm dịch: Lãnh đạo theo kiểu Instrumental là kiểu lãnh đạo tập trung vào việc hoàn thành các nhiệm vụ của nhóm. Các thành viên dựa vào người lãnh đạo để đảm bảo các công việc được hoàn thành. Lãnh đạo kiểu Expressive thì ngược lại là kiểu lãnh đạo tập trung vào sự hạnh phúc của cả nhóm.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.
Tạm dịch: Người lãnh đạo "instrumental leaders" có tình cảm xa cách hơn với các thành viên khác trong nhóm. Họ đưa ra mệnh lệnh và nhiều kỉ luật với các thành viên để có thể đạt được mục tiêu chung của nhóm. Lãnh đạo "expressive" lại có tình cảm thân thiết, gần gũi hơn. Họ thường có sự thông cảm với những thành viên đang gặp khó khăn hoặc những người đang phải kỉ luật, họ nhanh chóng làm giảm nhẹ đi những tình huống căng thẳng với sự hài hước và cố gắng tìm cách giải quyết cho những vấn đề đe dọa gây chia rẽ nhóm.
Vì vậy C là đúng nhất.
A. Các ví dụ để minh họa cho vấn đề
B. Sự trần thuật các sự kiện
C. Sự so sánh và đối lập
D. Phân tích nguyên nhân và ảnh hưởng.
Đoạn 3 và 4 là sự so sánh cũng như đối chiếu về hai phong cách lãnh đạo theo kiểu "expressive" hay "instrumental leadership".
Đọc đoạn 3,4 ta luôn tìm thấy sự so sánh, đối lập liên tiếp khi thể hiện 2 phong cách lãnh đạo này:
Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things" done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's member.
Tạm dịch: Lãnh đạo theo kiểu Instrumental là kiểu lãnh đạo tập trung vào việc hoàn thành các nhiệm vụ của nhóm. Các thành viên dựa vào người lãnh đạo để đảm bảo các công việc được hoàn thành. Lãnh đạo kiểu Expressive thì ngược lại là kiểu lãnh đạo tập trung vào sự hạnh phúc của cả nhóm.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.
Tạm dịch: Người lãnh đạo "instrumental leaders" có tình cảm xa cách hơn với các thành viên khác trong nhóm. Họ đưa ra mệnh lệnh và nhiều kỉ luật với các thành viên để có thể đạt được mục tiêu chung của nhóm. Lãnh đạo "expressive" lại có tình cảm thân thiết, gần gũi hơn. Họ thường có sự thông cảm với những thành viên đang gặp khó khăn hoặc những người đang phải kỉ luật, họ nhanh chóng làm giảm nhẹ đi những tình huống căng thẳng với sự hài hước và cố gắng tìm cách giải quyết cho những vấn đề đe dọa gây chia rẽ nhóm.
Vì vậy C là đúng nhất.
Đáp án C.