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Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Psychologists who study information processing have identified and described several memory structures that clarify how our memory works. They include the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Each structure varies as to how much information it can hold and for how long.
A description of how human process information typically begins with environmental stimuli. Our sense receptors are constantly stimulated by visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli. These experiences are initially recorded in the sensory register, so named because information is thought to be encoded there in the same form in which it was perceived. The purpose of the sensory register is to hold information one to three seconds. Information not recognized or otherwise selected by us disappears from the system. The sensory register can hold about twelve items of information at a time. Typists make extensive use of the sensory register in order to remember words just long enough to get them typed. If no further processing takes place, a typist's ability to recall that information later is minimal. Similarly, most of us have had the experience of reading an entire page of text, only to discover when we got to the bottom of the page, we couldn't say anything about it except that we had indeed "read" every word.
Once information has been recognized as meaningful, it is sent to short-term memory. In this case, short-term is approximately 20 seconds, while this may seem surprising, it can be easily demonstrated. If you were asked to dial an unfamiliar phone number, received a busy signal, and were then distracted by something or someone else for 15 to 20 seconds, chances are you would have forgotten the number at that point. Short-term memory is often referred to as "working" memory.
Most cognitive psychologists believe that the storage capacity of long-term memory is unlimited and contains a permanent record of everything an individual has learned and experienced. Information is encoded there to enhance its meaningfulness and organization so that it can be easily retrieved when necessary.
It can be inferred that short-term memory is called "working" memory because___________.
A. we use it extensively when we are working
B. it holds information we are working on at a given moment
C. it is very difficult to use effectively
D. we must work hard to retrieve information from it.
Psychologists who study information processing have identified and described several memory structures that clarify how our memory works. They include the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Each structure varies as to how much information it can hold and for how long.
A description of how human process information typically begins with environmental stimuli. Our sense receptors are constantly stimulated by visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli. These experiences are initially recorded in the sensory register, so named because information is thought to be encoded there in the same form in which it was perceived. The purpose of the sensory register is to hold information one to three seconds. Information not recognized or otherwise selected by us disappears from the system. The sensory register can hold about twelve items of information at a time. Typists make extensive use of the sensory register in order to remember words just long enough to get them typed. If no further processing takes place, a typist's ability to recall that information later is minimal. Similarly, most of us have had the experience of reading an entire page of text, only to discover when we got to the bottom of the page, we couldn't say anything about it except that we had indeed "read" every word.
Once information has been recognized as meaningful, it is sent to short-term memory. In this case, short-term is approximately 20 seconds, while this may seem surprising, it can be easily demonstrated. If you were asked to dial an unfamiliar phone number, received a busy signal, and were then distracted by something or someone else for 15 to 20 seconds, chances are you would have forgotten the number at that point. Short-term memory is often referred to as "working" memory.
Most cognitive psychologists believe that the storage capacity of long-term memory is unlimited and contains a permanent record of everything an individual has learned and experienced. Information is encoded there to enhance its meaningfulness and organization so that it can be easily retrieved when necessary.
It can be inferred that short-term memory is called "working" memory because___________.
A. we use it extensively when we are working
B. it holds information we are working on at a given moment
C. it is very difficult to use effectively
D. we must work hard to retrieve information from it.
Câu hỏi. Có thể suy ra được rằng trí nhớ ngắn hạn được gọi là trí nhớ "làm việc" bởi vì__________
A. Chúng ta dùng nó một cách rộng rãi khi làm việc
B. Nó lưu giữ thông tin mà chúng ta làm việc tại một thời điểm nhất định
C. Rất khó để sử dụng hiệu quả
D. Chúng ta phải mất nhiều công sức để gợi lại thông tin từ nó
Chúng ta tìm thấy thông tin ở đoạn 3, dòng 3-5:
Trích: If you were asked to dial an unfamiliar phone number, received a busy signal, and were then distracted by something or someone else for 15 to 20 seconds, chances are you would have forgotten the number at that point.
Tạm dịch: Nếu chúng ta được yêu cầu quay một dãy số điện thoại lạ, nhận được tín hiệu bận và rồi phân tâm bởi một điều gì đó hay ai đó trong vòng 15 đến 20 giây, khả năng là bạn sẽ quên dãy số đấy tại thời điểm đó.
Đây là thông tin được dùng để làm ví dụ chứng minh cho việc vì sao trí nhớ ngắn hạn được gọi là trí nhớ "làm việc". Dựa vào thông tin này ta thấy đây chính là thông tin mà chúng ta có được trong khi làm việc ở một thời điểm nhất định → đáp án B đúng
A. Chúng ta dùng nó một cách rộng rãi khi làm việc
B. Nó lưu giữ thông tin mà chúng ta làm việc tại một thời điểm nhất định
C. Rất khó để sử dụng hiệu quả
D. Chúng ta phải mất nhiều công sức để gợi lại thông tin từ nó
Chúng ta tìm thấy thông tin ở đoạn 3, dòng 3-5:
Trích: If you were asked to dial an unfamiliar phone number, received a busy signal, and were then distracted by something or someone else for 15 to 20 seconds, chances are you would have forgotten the number at that point.
Tạm dịch: Nếu chúng ta được yêu cầu quay một dãy số điện thoại lạ, nhận được tín hiệu bận và rồi phân tâm bởi một điều gì đó hay ai đó trong vòng 15 đến 20 giây, khả năng là bạn sẽ quên dãy số đấy tại thời điểm đó.
Đây là thông tin được dùng để làm ví dụ chứng minh cho việc vì sao trí nhớ ngắn hạn được gọi là trí nhớ "làm việc". Dựa vào thông tin này ta thấy đây chính là thông tin mà chúng ta có được trong khi làm việc ở một thời điểm nhất định → đáp án B đúng
Đáp án B.