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Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50.
There are many theories of aging, but virtually all fall into the category of being hypotheses with a minimum of supporting evidence. One viewpoint is that aging occurs as the body's organ systems become less efficient. Thus failures in the immune system, hormonal system, and nervous system could all produce characteristics that we associate with aging. Following a different vein, many current researchers are looking for evidence at the cellular and sub cellular level.
It has been shown that cells such as human fibroblasts (generalized tissue cells) grown in culture divide only a limited number of times and then die. (Only cancer cells seem immortal in this respect). Fibroblast cells from an embryo divide more times than those taken from an adult. Thus some researchers believe that aging occurs at the cellular level and is part of the cell's genetic makeup. Any event that disturbs the cell's genetic machinery such as mutation, damaging chemicals in the cell's environment, or loss of genetic material, could cause cells to lose their ability to divide and thus bring on aging. Other theories of aging look at different processes. Chronological aging refers to the passage of time since birth and is usually measured in years. While chronological age can be useful in estimating the average status of a large group of people, it is a poor indicator of an individual person's status because there is a tremendous amount of variation from one individual to the next in regard to the rate at which biological age changes occur. For example, on the average, aging results in people losing much of their ability to perform strenuous activities, yet some elderly individuals are excellent marathon runners.
Another type of aging is cosmetic aging, which consists of changes in outward appearance with advancing age. This includes changes in the body and changes in other aspects of a person's appearance, such as the style of hair and clothing, the type of eyeglasses, and the use of a hearing aid. Like chronological aging, it is frequently used to estimate the degree to which other types of aging have occurred. However, it is an inaccurate indicator for either purpose because of variation among individuals and because a person's appearance is affected by many factors that are not part of aging, including illness, poor nutrition, and exposure to sunlight
In the last paragraph, the word "this" refers to_____________
A. cosmetic aging
B. type of aging
C. outward appearance
D. advancing age
There are many theories of aging, but virtually all fall into the category of being hypotheses with a minimum of supporting evidence. One viewpoint is that aging occurs as the body's organ systems become less efficient. Thus failures in the immune system, hormonal system, and nervous system could all produce characteristics that we associate with aging. Following a different vein, many current researchers are looking for evidence at the cellular and sub cellular level.
It has been shown that cells such as human fibroblasts (generalized tissue cells) grown in culture divide only a limited number of times and then die. (Only cancer cells seem immortal in this respect). Fibroblast cells from an embryo divide more times than those taken from an adult. Thus some researchers believe that aging occurs at the cellular level and is part of the cell's genetic makeup. Any event that disturbs the cell's genetic machinery such as mutation, damaging chemicals in the cell's environment, or loss of genetic material, could cause cells to lose their ability to divide and thus bring on aging. Other theories of aging look at different processes. Chronological aging refers to the passage of time since birth and is usually measured in years. While chronological age can be useful in estimating the average status of a large group of people, it is a poor indicator of an individual person's status because there is a tremendous amount of variation from one individual to the next in regard to the rate at which biological age changes occur. For example, on the average, aging results in people losing much of their ability to perform strenuous activities, yet some elderly individuals are excellent marathon runners.
Another type of aging is cosmetic aging, which consists of changes in outward appearance with advancing age. This includes changes in the body and changes in other aspects of a person's appearance, such as the style of hair and clothing, the type of eyeglasses, and the use of a hearing aid. Like chronological aging, it is frequently used to estimate the degree to which other types of aging have occurred. However, it is an inaccurate indicator for either purpose because of variation among individuals and because a person's appearance is affected by many factors that are not part of aging, including illness, poor nutrition, and exposure to sunlight
In the last paragraph, the word "this" refers to_____________
A. cosmetic aging
B. type of aging
C. outward appearance
D. advancing age
Câu hỏi. Từ "this" ở đoạn cuối ám chỉ____________
A. Lão hóa ngoại hình
B. Loại lão hóa
C. Ngoại hình
D. Tuổi tác tăng
Chúng ta tìm thấy thông tin ở đoạn cuối dòng 1-2: Another type of aging is cosmetic aging, which consists of changes in outward appearance with advancing age. This includes changes in the body and changes in other aspects of a person's appearance, such as the style of hair and clothing, the type of eyeglasses, and the use of a hearing aid.
Tạm dịch. Một dạng khác của lão hóa là lão hóa ngoại hình, loại này gồm có những thay đổi về mặt ngoại hình khi tuổi tác tăng. Nó bao gồm những thay đổi trong cơ thể và những thay đổi về diện mạo như kiểu tóc, quần áo, kiểu kính mắt và việc phải sử dụng máy trợ thính.
Ta thấy đại từ chỉ định nếu làm chủ ngữ thường để thay thế cho thông tin xuất hiện phía trướC.Ở câu văn trước ta thấy đối tượng được nhắc đến là cosmetic aging. Như vậy có thể suy luận đáp án của câu hỏi này là A
A. Lão hóa ngoại hình
B. Loại lão hóa
C. Ngoại hình
D. Tuổi tác tăng
Chúng ta tìm thấy thông tin ở đoạn cuối dòng 1-2: Another type of aging is cosmetic aging, which consists of changes in outward appearance with advancing age. This includes changes in the body and changes in other aspects of a person's appearance, such as the style of hair and clothing, the type of eyeglasses, and the use of a hearing aid.
Tạm dịch. Một dạng khác của lão hóa là lão hóa ngoại hình, loại này gồm có những thay đổi về mặt ngoại hình khi tuổi tác tăng. Nó bao gồm những thay đổi trong cơ thể và những thay đổi về diện mạo như kiểu tóc, quần áo, kiểu kính mắt và việc phải sử dụng máy trợ thính.
Ta thấy đại từ chỉ định nếu làm chủ ngữ thường để thay thế cho thông tin xuất hiện phía trướC.Ở câu văn trước ta thấy đối tượng được nhắc đến là cosmetic aging. Như vậy có thể suy luận đáp án của câu hỏi này là A
Đáp án A.