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Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
There are many theories of aging, but virtually all fall into the category of being hypotheses with a minimum of supporting evidence. One viewpoint is that aging occurs as the body's organ systems become less efficient. Thus failures in the immune system, hormonal system, and nervous system could all produce characteristics that we associate with aging. Following a different vein, many current researchers are looking for evidence at the cellular and sub cellular level.
It has been shown that cells such as human fibroblasts (generalized tissue cells) grown in culture divide only a limited number of times and then die. (Only cancer cells seem immortal in this respect). Fibroblast cells from an embryo divide more times than those taken from an adult. Thus some researchers believe that aging occurs at the cellular level and is part of the cell's genetic makeup. Any event that disturbs the cell's genetic machinery such as mutation, damaging chemicals in the cell's environment, or loss of genetic material, could cause cells to lose their ability to divide and thus bring on aging. Other theories of aging look at different processes. Chronological aging refers to the passage of time since birth and is usually measured in years. While chronological age can be useful in estimating the average status of a large group of people, it is a poor indicator of an individual person's status because there is a tremendous amount of variation from one individual to the next in regard to the rate at which biological age changes occur. For example, on the average, aging results in people losing much of their ability to perform strenuous activities, yet some elderly individuals are excellent marathon runners.
Another type of aging is cosmetic aging, which consists of changes in outward appearance with advancing age. This includes changes in the body and changes in other aspects of a person's appearance, such as the style of hair and clothing, the type of eyeglasses, and the use of a hearing aid. Like chronological aging, it is frequently used to estimate the degree to which other types of aging have occurred. However, it is an inaccurate indicator for either purpose because of variation among individuals and because a person's appearance is affected by many factors that are not part of aging, including illness, poor nutrition, and exposure to sunlight
As explained in this passage, the theory of aging which examines the cellular level would NOT assign which of the following as a cause of aging?
A. Mutation
B. Deterioration into the body's immune system
C. Loss of genetic material
D. Chemical damage from the environment
There are many theories of aging, but virtually all fall into the category of being hypotheses with a minimum of supporting evidence. One viewpoint is that aging occurs as the body's organ systems become less efficient. Thus failures in the immune system, hormonal system, and nervous system could all produce characteristics that we associate with aging. Following a different vein, many current researchers are looking for evidence at the cellular and sub cellular level.
It has been shown that cells such as human fibroblasts (generalized tissue cells) grown in culture divide only a limited number of times and then die. (Only cancer cells seem immortal in this respect). Fibroblast cells from an embryo divide more times than those taken from an adult. Thus some researchers believe that aging occurs at the cellular level and is part of the cell's genetic makeup. Any event that disturbs the cell's genetic machinery such as mutation, damaging chemicals in the cell's environment, or loss of genetic material, could cause cells to lose their ability to divide and thus bring on aging. Other theories of aging look at different processes. Chronological aging refers to the passage of time since birth and is usually measured in years. While chronological age can be useful in estimating the average status of a large group of people, it is a poor indicator of an individual person's status because there is a tremendous amount of variation from one individual to the next in regard to the rate at which biological age changes occur. For example, on the average, aging results in people losing much of their ability to perform strenuous activities, yet some elderly individuals are excellent marathon runners.
Another type of aging is cosmetic aging, which consists of changes in outward appearance with advancing age. This includes changes in the body and changes in other aspects of a person's appearance, such as the style of hair and clothing, the type of eyeglasses, and the use of a hearing aid. Like chronological aging, it is frequently used to estimate the degree to which other types of aging have occurred. However, it is an inaccurate indicator for either purpose because of variation among individuals and because a person's appearance is affected by many factors that are not part of aging, including illness, poor nutrition, and exposure to sunlight
As explained in this passage, the theory of aging which examines the cellular level would NOT assign which of the following as a cause of aging?
A. Mutation
B. Deterioration into the body's immune system
C. Loss of genetic material
D. Chemical damage from the environment
Câu hỏi. Như được giải thích trong bài đọc, học thuyết lão hóa nghiên cứu ở mức độ tế bào không cho dấu hiệu nào dưới đây là một nguyên nhân gây lão hóa
A. Sự đột biến
B. Sự hỏng hóc của hệ thống miễn dịch
C. Sự thất thoát nguyên liệu gen
D. Những hóa chất có hại từ môi trường Với câu hỏi này ta có thể dùng phép loại trừ, ta tìm thấy thông tin trong đoạn 2 dòng 4-6: Any event that disturbs the cell's genetic machinery such as mutation, damaging chemicals in the cell's environment, or loss of genetic material, could cause cells to lose their ability to divide and thus bring on aging.
Tạm dịch. Bất kì việc gì gây ảnh hưởng đến bộ máy gen tế bào như đột biến, hóa chất có hại xâm nhập vào môi trường tế bào hoặc sự thất thoát các nguyên liệu gen có thể khiến cho tế bào mất đi khả năng phân chia và dẫn tới sự lão hóa.
Ta thấy thông tin trong các phương án A, C, D đều được nhắc đến → chỉ còn đáp án B là không được đề cập
A. Sự đột biến
B. Sự hỏng hóc của hệ thống miễn dịch
C. Sự thất thoát nguyên liệu gen
D. Những hóa chất có hại từ môi trường Với câu hỏi này ta có thể dùng phép loại trừ, ta tìm thấy thông tin trong đoạn 2 dòng 4-6: Any event that disturbs the cell's genetic machinery such as mutation, damaging chemicals in the cell's environment, or loss of genetic material, could cause cells to lose their ability to divide and thus bring on aging.
Tạm dịch. Bất kì việc gì gây ảnh hưởng đến bộ máy gen tế bào như đột biến, hóa chất có hại xâm nhập vào môi trường tế bào hoặc sự thất thoát các nguyên liệu gen có thể khiến cho tế bào mất đi khả năng phân chia và dẫn tới sự lão hóa.
Ta thấy thông tin trong các phương án A, C, D đều được nhắc đến → chỉ còn đáp án B là không được đề cập
Đáp án B.