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Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50
For more than a century, Western philosophers and psychologists have based their discussions of mental life on a cardinal assumption: that the same basic processes underlie all human thought, whether in the mountains of Tibet or the grasslands of the Serengeti. Cultural differences might dictate what people thought about. Teenage boys in Botswana, for example, might discuss cows with the same passion that New York teenagers reserve for sports cars.
But the habits of thought - the strategies people adopted in processing information and making sense of the world around them - were, Western scholars assumed, the same for everyone, exemplified by, among other things, a devotion to logical reasoning, a penchant for categorization and an urge to understand situations and events in linear terms of cause and effect.
Recent work by a social psychologist at the University of Michigan, however, is turning this long-held view of mental functioning upside down. In a series of studies comparing European Americans to East Asians, Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues have found that people who grow up in different cultures do not just think about different things: they think differently.
We used to think that everybody uses categories in the same way, that logic plays the same kind of role for everyone in the understanding of everyday life, that memory, perception, rule application and so on are the same," Dr. Nisbett said. "But we're now arguing that cognitive processes themselves are just far more malleable than mainstream psychology assumed."
In many respects, the cultural disparities the researchers describe mirror those described by anthropologists, and may seem less than surprising to Americans who have lived in Asia. And Dr. Nisbett and his colleagues are not the first psychological researchers to propose that thought may be embedded in cultural assumptions: Soviet psychologists of the 1930's posed logic problems to Uzbek peasants, arguing that intellectual tools were influenced by pragmatic circumstances.
Still, to the extent that the studies reflect real differences in thinking and perception, psychologists may have to radically revise their ideas about what is universal and what is not, and to develop new models of mental processes that take cultural influences into account.
A. They believe that our habits of thoughts depend on our culture
B. They conclude that everybody has the same habits of thought.
C. They assume that people in different culture devote themselves to critical thinking
D. They claim that people start to use their mind to process information
For more than a century, Western philosophers and psychologists have based their discussions of mental life on a cardinal assumption: that the same basic processes underlie all human thought, whether in the mountains of Tibet or the grasslands of the Serengeti. Cultural differences might dictate what people thought about. Teenage boys in Botswana, for example, might discuss cows with the same passion that New York teenagers reserve for sports cars.
But the habits of thought - the strategies people adopted in processing information and making sense of the world around them - were, Western scholars assumed, the same for everyone, exemplified by, among other things, a devotion to logical reasoning, a penchant for categorization and an urge to understand situations and events in linear terms of cause and effect.
Recent work by a social psychologist at the University of Michigan, however, is turning this long-held view of mental functioning upside down. In a series of studies comparing European Americans to East Asians, Dr. Richard Nisbett and his colleagues have found that people who grow up in different cultures do not just think about different things: they think differently.
We used to think that everybody uses categories in the same way, that logic plays the same kind of role for everyone in the understanding of everyday life, that memory, perception, rule application and so on are the same," Dr. Nisbett said. "But we're now arguing that cognitive processes themselves are just far more malleable than mainstream psychology assumed."
In many respects, the cultural disparities the researchers describe mirror those described by anthropologists, and may seem less than surprising to Americans who have lived in Asia. And Dr. Nisbett and his colleagues are not the first psychological researchers to propose that thought may be embedded in cultural assumptions: Soviet psychologists of the 1930's posed logic problems to Uzbek peasants, arguing that intellectual tools were influenced by pragmatic circumstances.
Still, to the extent that the studies reflect real differences in thinking and perception, psychologists may have to radically revise their ideas about what is universal and what is not, and to develop new models of mental processes that take cultural influences into account.
(Adapted from The New York Times)
According to the passage, what is the opinion of Western scholars on our habits of thought?A. They believe that our habits of thoughts depend on our culture
B. They conclude that everybody has the same habits of thought.
C. They assume that people in different culture devote themselves to critical thinking
D. They claim that people start to use their mind to process information
Kiến thức: Đọc hiểu
Giải thích:
Theo đoạn văn, ý kiến của các học giả phương Tây về thói quen suy nghĩ của chúng ta là gì?
A. Họ tin rằng thói quen suy nghĩ của chúng ta phụ thuộc vào văn hóa của chúng ta
B. Họ kết luận rằng mọi người đều có những thói quen suy nghĩ giống nhau.
C. Họ cho rằng những người ở các nền văn hóa khác nhau cống hiến hết mình cho tư duy phản biện
D. Họ tuyên bố rằng mọi người bắt đầu sử dụng trí óc của họ để xử lý thông tin
Thông tin: But the habits of thought - the strategies people adopted in processing information and making sense of the world around them - were, Western scholars assumed, the same for everyone
Tạm dịch: Nhưng các học giả phương Tây cho rằng các thói quen suy nghĩ - những chiến lược mà mọi người đã áp dụng để xử lý thông tin và hiểu thế giới xung quanh đều giống nhau.
Giải thích:
Theo đoạn văn, ý kiến của các học giả phương Tây về thói quen suy nghĩ của chúng ta là gì?
A. Họ tin rằng thói quen suy nghĩ của chúng ta phụ thuộc vào văn hóa của chúng ta
B. Họ kết luận rằng mọi người đều có những thói quen suy nghĩ giống nhau.
C. Họ cho rằng những người ở các nền văn hóa khác nhau cống hiến hết mình cho tư duy phản biện
D. Họ tuyên bố rằng mọi người bắt đầu sử dụng trí óc của họ để xử lý thông tin
Thông tin: But the habits of thought - the strategies people adopted in processing information and making sense of the world around them - were, Western scholars assumed, the same for everyone
Tạm dịch: Nhưng các học giả phương Tây cho rằng các thói quen suy nghĩ - những chiến lược mà mọi người đã áp dụng để xử lý thông tin và hiểu thế giới xung quanh đều giống nhau.
Đáp án B.