Câu hỏi: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.
There are many theories of aging, but virtually all fall into the category of being hypotheses with a minimum of supporting evidence. One viewpoint is that aging occurs as the body's organ systems become less efficient. Thus failures in the immune system, hormonal system, and nervous system could all produce characteristics that we associate with aging. Following a different vein, many current researchers are looking for evidence at the cellular and sub cellular level.
It has been shown that cells such as human fibroblasts (generalized tissue cells) grown in culture divide only a limited number of times and then die. (Only cancer cells seem immortal in this respect). Fibroblast cells from an embryo divide more times than those taken from an adult. Thus some researchers believe that aging occurs at the cellular level and is part of the cell's genetic makeup. Any event that disturbs the cell's genetic machinery such as mutation, damaging chemicals in the cell's environment, or loss of genetic material, could cause cells to lose their ability to divide and thus bring on aging. Other theories of aging look at different processes. Chronological aging refers to the passage of time since birth and is usually measured in years. While chronological age can be useful in estimating the average status of a large group of people, it is a poor indicator of an individual person's status because there is a tremendous amount of variation from one individual to the next in regard to the rate at which biological age changes occur. For example, on the average, aging results in people losing much of their ability to perform strenuous activities, yet some elderly individuals are excellent marathon runners.
Another type of aging is cosmetic aging, which consists of changes in outward appearance with advancing age. This includes changes in the body and changes in other aspects of a person's appearance, such as the style of hair and clothing, the type of eyeglasses, and the use of a hearing aid. Like chronological aging, it is frequently used to estimate the degree to which other types of aging have occurred. However, it is an inaccurate indicator for either purpose because of variation among individuals and because a person's appearance is affected by many factors that are not part of aging, including illness, poor nutrition, and exposure to sunlight
According to the passage, chronological aging is not a good indicator of an individual's status regarding aging because_____________.
A. elderly people are often athletic
B. there is individual variation in the rate of biological aging
C. strenuous activities are not good measures of age
D. it is difficult to get accurate records of birth dates
There are many theories of aging, but virtually all fall into the category of being hypotheses with a minimum of supporting evidence. One viewpoint is that aging occurs as the body's organ systems become less efficient. Thus failures in the immune system, hormonal system, and nervous system could all produce characteristics that we associate with aging. Following a different vein, many current researchers are looking for evidence at the cellular and sub cellular level.
It has been shown that cells such as human fibroblasts (generalized tissue cells) grown in culture divide only a limited number of times and then die. (Only cancer cells seem immortal in this respect). Fibroblast cells from an embryo divide more times than those taken from an adult. Thus some researchers believe that aging occurs at the cellular level and is part of the cell's genetic makeup. Any event that disturbs the cell's genetic machinery such as mutation, damaging chemicals in the cell's environment, or loss of genetic material, could cause cells to lose their ability to divide and thus bring on aging. Other theories of aging look at different processes. Chronological aging refers to the passage of time since birth and is usually measured in years. While chronological age can be useful in estimating the average status of a large group of people, it is a poor indicator of an individual person's status because there is a tremendous amount of variation from one individual to the next in regard to the rate at which biological age changes occur. For example, on the average, aging results in people losing much of their ability to perform strenuous activities, yet some elderly individuals are excellent marathon runners.
Another type of aging is cosmetic aging, which consists of changes in outward appearance with advancing age. This includes changes in the body and changes in other aspects of a person's appearance, such as the style of hair and clothing, the type of eyeglasses, and the use of a hearing aid. Like chronological aging, it is frequently used to estimate the degree to which other types of aging have occurred. However, it is an inaccurate indicator for either purpose because of variation among individuals and because a person's appearance is affected by many factors that are not part of aging, including illness, poor nutrition, and exposure to sunlight
According to the passage, chronological aging is not a good indicator of an individual's status regarding aging because_____________.
A. elderly people are often athletic
B. there is individual variation in the rate of biological aging
C. strenuous activities are not good measures of age
D. it is difficult to get accurate records of birth dates
Câu hỏi. Theo đoạn văn, ước lượng độ lão hóa bằng tuổi không phải là một chỉ số chính xác để xác định tình trạng tuổi tác của một người bởi vì____________
A. Những người già thường rất khỏe
B. Có sự khác nhau giữa các cá nhân về tốc độ lão hóa sinh học
C. Các hoạt động cần dùng sức không phải là một phương pháp đo tuổi chính xác
D. Rất khó để xác định được chính xác thông số ngày sinh
Ta tìm thấy thông tin trong đoạn 3, dòng 2-4: While chronological age can be useful in estimating the average status of a large group of people, it is a poor indicator of an individual person's status because there is a tremendous amount of variation from one individual to the next in regard to the rate at which biological age changes occur.
Tạm dịch. Trong khi sự đo đạc lão hóa bằng tuổi có thể hữu dụng trong việc ước lượng tình trạng sức khỏe trung bình của một nhóm nhiều người, nhưng nó lại là một chỉ số kém hiệu quả khi xác định tình trạng sức khỏe của một cá nhân bởi vì những thay đổi về lão hóa sinh học sẽ xảy ra khác nhau và rất đa dạng giữa người này với người kia
Như vậy giữa người này và người kia có sự khác nhau về tốc độ lão hóa sinh học, ta chọn đáp án B.
A. Những người già thường rất khỏe
B. Có sự khác nhau giữa các cá nhân về tốc độ lão hóa sinh học
C. Các hoạt động cần dùng sức không phải là một phương pháp đo tuổi chính xác
D. Rất khó để xác định được chính xác thông số ngày sinh
Ta tìm thấy thông tin trong đoạn 3, dòng 2-4: While chronological age can be useful in estimating the average status of a large group of people, it is a poor indicator of an individual person's status because there is a tremendous amount of variation from one individual to the next in regard to the rate at which biological age changes occur.
Tạm dịch. Trong khi sự đo đạc lão hóa bằng tuổi có thể hữu dụng trong việc ước lượng tình trạng sức khỏe trung bình của một nhóm nhiều người, nhưng nó lại là một chỉ số kém hiệu quả khi xác định tình trạng sức khỏe của một cá nhân bởi vì những thay đổi về lão hóa sinh học sẽ xảy ra khác nhau và rất đa dạng giữa người này với người kia
Như vậy giữa người này và người kia có sự khác nhau về tốc độ lão hóa sinh học, ta chọn đáp án B.
Đáp án B.